An in-situ electrical resistivity test procedure: multi-electrode measurements madeon the ground surface or on the surface of an in-place material, from which theresistivity of that material is determined. One type serves several surveygeometries, which differ only in what is stepped from one reading to the next: avertical electrical sounding steps the electrode separation about a fixed arraycenter; electrical profiling (constant separation traversing) steps the array alonga traverse; an azimuthal sounding steps the array orientation about a fixed center;a single-separation measurement takes one reading, as is usual for a Wenner probe onin-place concrete. They are distinguished by diggs:surveyGeometry anddiggs:arrayType, and the readings are diggs:ResistivityReading objects in everycase. Not for tomographic surveys: a multi-electrode survey inverted to a 2-D or 3-Dresistivity model is a diggs:GeophysicalFieldSurvey with diggs:geophysicalMethod"electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)". Not for laboratory measurement:resistivity of a specimen removed from the ground (the soil-box method of ASTM G57,or AASHTO T288) is diggs:LabResistivityTest. Cite the governing standard orstandards in diggs:AbstractTestProcedureType/testProcedureMethod; ASTM G57 (Wennerarray), IEEE Std 81 (earthing design) and ASTM D6431 (subsurface characterization)all describe measurements this type carries.
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<element name="InsituResistivityTest" type="diggs:InsituResistivityTestType" abstract="false" substitutionGroup="diggs:AbstractInsituTestProcedure"><annotation><documentation>An in-situ electrical resistivity test procedure: multi-electrode measurements made on the ground surface or on the surface of an in-place material, from which the resistivity of that material is determined. One type serves several survey geometries, which differ only in what is stepped from one reading to the next: a vertical electrical sounding steps the electrode separation about a fixed array center; electrical profiling (constant separation traversing) steps the array along a traverse; an azimuthal sounding steps the array orientation about a fixed center; a single-separation measurement takes one reading, as is usual for a Wenner probe on in-place concrete. They are distinguished by diggs:surveyGeometry and diggs:arrayType, and the readings are diggs:ResistivityReading objects in every case. Not for tomographic surveys: a multi-electrode survey inverted to a 2-D or 3-D resistivity model is a diggs:GeophysicalFieldSurvey with diggs:geophysicalMethod "electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)". Not for laboratory measurement: resistivity of a specimen removed from the ground (the soil-box method of ASTM G57, or AASHTO T288) is diggs:LabResistivityTest. Cite the governing standard or standards in diggs:AbstractTestProcedureType/testProcedureMethod; ASTM G57 (Wenner array), IEEE Std 81 (earthing design) and ASTM D6431 (subsurface characterization) all describe measurements this type carries.</documentation></annotation></element>